King Zhao of Yan (燕昭王) builds Huangjintai (黃金臺) in front of Jieshishan (碣石山) mountain
카테고리 없음Chen Ge 陳蓋 (Tang 唐) added annotations to 150 yongshi 詠史 poems written by Hu Ceng 胡曾 (Tang 唐, 840-?). Chen Ge's annotation on one of the poems titled 'Huangjintai 黃金臺,' quotes an anecdote from Chunqiu Houyu 春秋後語 which conveys an important new fact regarding the location of Jieshishan 碣石山 mountain in ancient times. Chunqiu Houyu was written with references to Sima Qian's Shiji 史記, by Kong Yan 孔衍 (268-320) of Western and Eastern Jin 晉 periods, who thought that Zhanguoce 戰國策 or Strategies of the Warring States was not without flaws. Unfortunately though, parts of Chunqiu Houyu had long been lost and the book does not exist today in its complete, original form. The famous old saying 一擧兩得 one move, two gains literally, or two birds with one stone paraphrased, originated from Chunqiu Houyu.
Huangjintai 黃金臺
Northward on a tiring horseback, I arrive at Yan / 北乗羸馬到燕然
But who would be here to greet the wise man again with respect ? / 此地何人復礼賢
I look for King Zhao whose residence is vacant / 欲問昭王無處所
Only the grass upon Huangjintai reaches the heavens / 黃金臺上草連天
It is said in Houyu (i.e. Chunqiu Houyu) that king Kuai of Yan 燕噲王 was killed by the great king of Qi 斉. King Zhao of Yan 燕昭王 ascended the throne next and asked a minister, 「How can we get sages and pay back equally for the late king?」 Guo Wei 郭隗 replied, 「Your Majesty, you must build a terrace in front of Jieshishan 碣石山 mountain and pay respect to me (i.e. Guo Wei) by making me Xuanwang 玄王. Good sages from all over the country would surely soon then arrive on their own will.」 The king followed his words and built the terrace, and named it 'Huangjintai (Terrace of Gold) 黃金臺' after filling it with lots of gold and jades. 後語云 昔燕噲王被斉大王所殺 燕昭王次立乃謂大臣曰 安得賢士与同大以報先王之? 郭隗曰 王能築臺於碣石山前 尊隗為玄王 即天下賢士以王好賢必自至也 王如其言作此臺 多以金玉崇之 号 黃金臺
Hu Ceng yongshi shi 胡曾詠史詩 常熟瞿氏鐵琴銅劍樓藏景宋鈔 version, 'Huangjintai 黃金臺' the poem and the phrase quoted from Chunqiu Houyu 春秋後語
In 'Huangjintai' Hu Ceng 胡曾 the poet, immersed in sentiments upon his visit to the ruins of Huangjintai, expresses his feelings about the transience of time and life. Although short in length, it may not be an easy poem to grasp at once without the knowledge of its historical background. Kong Yan's anecdote helps in this regard.
The key point of the anecdote with respect to the objectives of this brief article is the fact that Huangjintai 黃金臺 which Guo Wei 郭隗 advised King Zhao to build was erected right in front of non other than Jieshishan 碣石山 mountain. The relics of Huangjintai exist even today within Yanxiadu 燕下都 site at Yi 易 county in the city of Baoding 保定, and its location is clearly indicated by several sources such as Table of Chinese ancient and modern place names 中國古今地名對照表, Baidu Encyclopedia 百度百科, and Daqing guangyutu 大淸廣輿圖 (listed below), just to name a few. Accordingly, the Chunqiu Houyu anecdote about the construction of Huangjintai is a very important historical literary source in view of the fact that it may provide a vital clue to the search for truth about Jieshishan mountain, the progress of which has been sluggish to date even though it is prerequisite to discovering the actual geographical domain of Korea's ancient history.
Huangjintai - built by King Zhao of Yan 燕昭王 in order to invite sages. It exists today in the south of North Yishui 北易水, southeast of Yi 易 county. Huangjintai found in what now is the city of Beijing, Xushui, Mancheng, and Dingxing have all been derived (from the original) by people of later periods. 黃金台 - 燕昭王招賢所筑, 在今河北易縣東南的北易水南. 今北京市, 徐水, 滿城, 定興均有黃金台, 乃后人依托
Table of Chinese ancient and modern place names 中國古今地名對照表 '黃金台'
King Zhao of Yan ascended the throne in B.C. 311. With the help from Guo Wei he built Huangjintai next to Yishui 易水, and broadly invited talents from all over the country. Le Yi 樂毅, Zou Yan 鄒衍, and Ju Xin 劇辛 came and were entrusted. 公元前311年, 燕昭王即位. 在郭隗的協助下, 於易水旁修筑黃金台, 廣招天下人才, 樂毅, 鄒衍, 劇辛等前來投奔.
☞ Baidu Encyclopedia 百度百科 '燕昭王修筑黃金台'
Daqing Guangyutu 大淸廣輿圖 (1785) 「Huangjintai the residence of Guo Wei 黃金臺郭隗処」 is clearly marked at the location of Yanxiadu 燕下都 in Yi 易 county.
Wall 長城 is 25 li northwest of the (i.e. Ansu 安肅) county 縣. An old saying has been passed down the generations: 「Qinshi Huang sent general Mengtian 蒙恬 to Wusui 武遂 to build the wall .」 長城在縣西北二十五里 舊傳秦始皇遣將蒙恬於武遂築長城
Ansuxianzhi 安肅縣志 (1778) book 2 'historical remains 古蹟' clause. ** Ansu is an old locality name for Xushui 徐水 district, Baoding. ** Wusui 武遂 is an ancient locality name for the township of Suicheng 遂城, Xushui 徐水 district.
The ruling place for Guangxin 廣信 jun is Suicheng 遂城 xian. It was a territory of Wusui 武遂 xian during the Warring States 戰國 period. It was named 'Suicheng' because Qin 秦 built a wall there. This (i.e. Song 宋) dynasty established a jun (i.e. Guangxin). Ansu 安肅 jun is to the east (of Guangxin jun) and the wall is 20li to the west (from Ansu jun). 廣信軍治遂城縣 戰國時武遂縣地 秦築長城所起因名遂城 本朝建軍 東至安肅軍 二十里西至長城
Wujing Zongyao, complete collection 武經總要前集 (1044) book 16 volume 1
There used to be 23 villages in Suicheng 遂城 xian in the old days, but now there are 4. It was Wusui 武遂 xian during the Warring States 戰國 period. According to Shiji 史記, it is where general Li Mu 李牧 plundered Wusui upon his assault on Yan 燕 in the first year of king Daoxiang 悼襄 of Zhao 趙. It was originally Beixincheng 北新城 xian of Han 漢. Hanshu 漢書 Dilizhi 地理志 said, "Beixincheng 北新城 of Zhuo jun 涿郡 is to the south of Yan 燕." It belonged to Zhongshan 中山 guo during Later Han 漢. Shisanzhouzhi 十三州志 said, "Letter 'bei 北' was added as there was Xincheng in Hejian 河間." In the second year of Yongxi 永熙 (533) during the reign of Wudi 武帝 in Later Wei 魏 Nanyingzhou 南營州 was established here and then was renamed to Xinchang 新昌 xian, before it was renamed to Suicheng 遂城 xian in the 16th year of Kaihuang 開皇 (596) in Sui 隋. Now its ruling place is the village of Fushan 釜山. The wall 長城 built by Qin 秦 starts within the boundaries of the township (i.e. 遂城 xian). 遂城縣舊二十三鄕今四鄕 戰國時武遂縣也 史記趙悼襄王一年 李牧將功燕拔武遂是也 本漢北新城縣 漢書地理志云 燕南得涿郡之北新城 後漢屬中山國土地 十三州志云 河間有新城故加北字 後魏武帝永熙二年於此置南營州改爲新昌縣 隋開皇十六年改爲遂城縣 今治釜山村 秦築長城起首故此邑之界
Taiping Huanyuji 太平寰宇記 book 68, Written by Le Shi 樂史 between 976 and 997
Taikang Dilizhi 太康地理志 said, 「Jieshishan 碣石山 mountain is at Suicheng 遂城 county of Lelang 樂浪. The wall 長城 started there.」 《太康地理志》云 樂浪遂城縣有碣石山 長城所起
Shiji Suoyin 史記索隱 book 1, Written by Sima Zhen 司馬貞 (679-732)
Wall ruins at Jie 解 village, Suicheng 遂城 township of Xushui 徐水 district
Map showing the location of Huangjintai and related places
Mt. Langya 狼牙山 is close to Yanxiadu 燕下都 where the relics of Huangjintai 黃金臺 lie, situated just beyond Yishui 易水 river at the southern periphery of Yanxiadu. Huangjintai's position relative to Mt. Langya is completely consistent with the written record from Chunqiu Houyu 春秋後語, which states that its position had been determined with Jieshishan mountain in mind from the start, and that the terrace actually was erected in front of the mountain accordingly. Moreover, there still remains ruins of ancient wall 長城 which start from Keluotuo 科罗坨, one of the main peaks of Mt. Langya, and proceed in southeasterly direction to the township of Suicheng which to this day has preserved its name 'Suicheng 遂城'. Incredibly, there are also written records which clearly state that Qin 秦 built a wall at Suicheng (refer to texts from Ansuxianzhi 安肅縣志, Wujing Zongyao 武經總要, and Taiping Huanyuji 太平寰宇記 listed above), unambiguously verifying the identity of the wall. One further aspect to consider is that Kong Yan 孔衍 (268-320), the author of Chunqiu Houyu, was a scholar from Western and Eastern Jin 晉 periods. In other words, the period during which Kong Yan had been active coincides exactly with the writing of Taikang Dilizhi 太康地理志 (published in 282, the 3rd year of Taikang 太康 in Jin 晉), a book well known in Korea for the controversial record it contains, namely Jieshishan mountain is at Suicheng county of Lelang. The wall started there. 樂浪遂城縣有碣石山 長城所起. Therefore it is highly probable that Kong Yan and the authors of Taikang Dilizhi 太康地理志 shared common knowledge about Jieshishan mountain.
As can be seen above, mounting evidences strongly indicate that Jieshishan 碣石山 mountain of Taikang Dilizhi 太康地理志 is in fact the same Jieshishan mountain that Kong Yan refers to in Chunqiu Houyu, i.e. Mt. Langya of present day Baoding 保定. As a matter of fact, it would be fair to say that the evidences not only indicate but almost prove that Jieshishan mountain of ancient times is Mt. Langya today.
View of Mt. Langya from Yishui river
For reference, following are the records from Chunqiu Houyu 春秋後語 relating to Huangjintai 黃金臺, which also appear in the literary sources from Qing 淸 period, namely Qinding Rixia Jiuwen Kao 欽定日下舊聞考 and Shuijingzhu Shi 水經注釋. Key details of the text quoted by these sources are the same as those found within Chen Ge's annotation to Hu Ceng's poem.
Chunqiu Houyu 春秋後語.. King Zhao of Yan 燕昭王 asked, 「How can we get sages and take revenge on Qi 齊 ?」 Guo Wei 郭隗 replied, 「Your Majesty, you must build a terrace in front of Jieshishan 碣石山 mountain and pay respect to me (i.e. Guowei) by making me your teacher. Sages from all over the country would surely then arrive on their own will.」 The king followed his words and built the terrace, and named it 'Huangjintai 黃金臺' after filling it with gold and jades. 燕昭王曰 安得賢士以報齊讐 ? 郭隗曰 王能築臺于碣石山前 尊隗為師 天下賢士必自至也. 王如其言 作臺以金玉崇之 號 黃金臺
Qinding Rixia Jiuwen Kao 欽定日下舊聞考 (1787) book 8, record quoted from Chunqiu Houyu 春秋後語
Chunqiu Houyu 春秋後語.. King Zhao of Yan 燕昭王 asked, 「How can we get sages and take revenge on Qi 齊 ?」 Guo Wei 郭隗 replied, 「Your Majesty, you must build a terrace in front of Jieshishan 碣石山 mountain and pay respect to me (i.e. Guowei) by making me your teacher. Sages from all over the country would surely then arrive on their own will.」 (The king) followed his words and built the terrace, and named it 'Huangjintai 黃金臺' after filling it with gold and jades. 燕昭王曰 安得賢士以報齊讐 ? 郭隗曰 王能築臺于碣石山前 尊隗為師 天下賢士必自至. 如其言 作臺以金玉崇之 號 黃金臺
Shuijingzhu Shi 水經注釋 (趙一淸, 1709 ~ 1764) book 11 'Yishui 易水' clause, record quoted from Chunqiu Houyu 春秋後語
Article written by earthlin9 @ earthlin9.tistory.com
Korean language version of this article is available here ☞ 갈석산(碣石山) 앞에 세운 연소왕(燕昭王)의 황금대(黃金臺)